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Variation of Birds in a State of Nature by Frank Russell, 1892

Variation of Birds in a State of Nature by Frank Russell, 1892, Page 25

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useful to the bird and the least varied. The culmen also varies littles. The organs most useful to the bird very least, this is probably due to the fact that constant use has [established] an equilibrium, so to speak of the organs. The selective influences which are acting upon the different organs act less frequently or more indirectly upon the parts less useful to the bird. The order of variation of parts is as follows. I. Wing 32% II. Extent 32.2 III. Length C. 36.4 IV. Length 34.8 V. Tarsus 39. VI. H. Toe 44.4 VII. Tail 44.5 VIII. M. Toe 48 It was found that not only did the tarsus and toe vary independently but the [illegible] vary independently of each other - the hind toe varying 44.4% (VI) and the middle toe 48% (VIII).
 
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