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Coal Measures and Coal Mining in Iowa, including paleontology and a discussion on the coal formation; also the methods of mining by Russell T. Hartman, 1898

Coal Measures and Coal Mining in Iowa by Russell T. Hartman, 1898, Page 29

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28. Spiriferidae Spirifer keokuk. Hall. Plate III. figures 2. Spirifer keokuk; Hall; Geol of Iowa Vol.I., pt II., p 676. 1858. Spirifer littori, Swallow, Saint Louis Acad. of Sci. Vol.II p.410. 1860. Shell sub-semi-elliptical with the long diameter along the hinge line. This is true only of typical specimens. The shape of this species varies so much however that the length, in some cases, is greater than the breadth at the hinge line, also the hinge line varies in relation to the greatest breadth of the shell. Valves nearly equally convex. Dorsal valve with abrupt mesial fold, [illegible] the fold is simple but toward and at the front it is marked by four distinct plications. Beak
 
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