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Campus "Unrest" demonstrations and consequences, 1970-1971

New Evidence on Campus Unrest, 1969-70 Page 2

EDUCATIONAL RECORD Winter 1971

TABLE 1: Campus Protest in Two and Four Year Institutions During 1969-1970

[column one header]Type of Incident [end]

[column two header]Unweighted Sample Data (N= 223 Institutional)[Number of incidents, Percentage of Institutions Experiencing One or More Incidents] [end]

[column 3 header]Weighted Population Estimates {N= 2,429 Institutional) [Number of incidents, Percentage of Institutions Experiencing One of More Incidents] [end]

All Protests, 1,493, 82.5, 9,408, 66.9

Protests directed against institution (total), 612. 54.7, 3,348. 34.1
War related, 160, 26.9, 579.10.6
Racial Issues, 162, 30.0,1,031, 15.7
Facilities and Student Life, 228, 41.3, 1,359,25.6
Student power in decision making, 24, 8.1, 171,5.7
Faculty and staff, 5, 2.2,20,.1
Community relations, 12, 4.0. 64, 2.4
Other, 21, 8.1, 124,3.9

Protests not directed against the institution (total) , 881, 81.2, 6,060, 65.5
Earth Day, 102, 44.4, 945, 38.7
October moratorium, 91, 40.4, 945, 38.7
November moratorium, 84, 37.7, 540,32.2
December moratorium, 21, 9.4, 127, 5.2
Later moratoriums, 129, 31.8, 729.19.0
Other war related, 188, 41.7. 1,027, 25.0
Cambodian invasion. 58. 22.4, 419, 16.1
Kent State killings, 75, 28.3, 630, 23.7
Jackson State Killings. 10, 4.0, 53, 2.1
Augusta, Georgia, killings, 5, 2.2, 28. 1.2
 Other, 118,25.1, 760, 15.1

Outcomes of protests
One or more arrested, 124, 18.4, 731, 11.9
Damage to property, 50, 12.1, 410, 7.4
Physical violence, 45, 9.4, 230, 3.4

colleges and smaller and relatively unselective four year colleges received the largest weights in generating the population estimates. 

Incidence of protest. 
The weighted and unweighted results of the newspaper search are shown in Table 1. Weighted estimates indicate that there were more than 9,000 separate incidents on campuses in the United States during the past academic year. Although this is an average of more than three protest incidents per institution, only two thirds of the institutions actually experienced one or more incidents. Thus, while the typical institution experienced on average of five protest incidents one third of all institutions were virtually untouched by campus unrest during 1969-1970.
The most frequent type of protest incident during the past year involved issues not directly related to the institution. These included the various moratorium protests in the fall and winter, the observance of Earth Day, and the spring demonstrations against the Cambodian invasion and the  killings at Kent State University and Jackson State College, Earth Day involved the most participants - 44 percent of all institutions. This finding is consistent with recent ACE survey data on college students which indicate that eviron

Alexander W. Astin is director of the American Council on Education's Office of Research. This study was supported in part by Grant OEG 0-9-180364-44 17 (010) from the U.S. Office of Education and by Grant 1 R12 MH17, 084-03 from the National Institute of Mental Health. The author wishes to express appreciation to Aljat Ahmed, Christine Kelly, Donna Mackey, and Joan Tresler, students at universities in Washington D.CV., for their assistance in collecting project data.

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EDUCATIONAL RECORD Winter 1971 TABLE 1: Campus Protest in Two and Four Year Institutions During 1969-1970 [column one header]Type of Incident [end] [column two header]Unweighted Sample Data (N= 223 Institutional)[Number of incidents, Percentage of Institutions Experiencing One or More Incidents] [end] [column 3 header]Weighted Population Estimates {N= 2,429 Institutional) [Number of incidents, Percentage of Institutions Experiencing One of More Incidents] [end] All Protests, 1,493, 82.5, 9,408, 66.9 Protests directed against institution (total), 612. 54.7, 3,348. 34.1 War related, 160, 26.9, 579.10.6 Racial Issues, 162, 30.0,1,031, 15.7 Facilities and Student Life, 228, 41.3, 1,359,25.6 Student power in decision making, 24, 8.1, 171,5.7 Faculty and staff, 5, 2.2,20,.1 Community relations, 12, 4.0. 64, 2.4 Other, 21, 8.1, 124,3.9 Protests not directed against the institution (total) , 881, 81.2, 6,060, 65.5 Earth Day, 102, 44.4, 945, 38.7 October moratorium, 91, 40.4, 945, 38.7 November moratorium, 84, 37.7, 540,32.2 December moratorium, 21, 9.4, 127, 5.2 Later moratoriums, 129, 31.8, 729.19.0 Other war related, 188, 41.7. 1,027, 25.0 Cambodian invasion. 58. 22.4, 419, 16.1 Kent State killings, 75, 28.3, 630, 23.7 Jackson State Killings. 10, 4.0, 53, 2.1 Augusta, Georgia, killings, 5, 2.2, 28. 1.2 Other, 118,25.1, 760, 15.1 Outcomes of protests One or more arrested, 124, 18.4, 731, 11.9 Damage to property, 50, 12.1, 410, 7.4 Physical violence, 45, 9.4, 230, 3.4 colleges and smaller and relatively unselective four year colleges received the largest weights in generating the population estimates. Incidence of protest. The weighted and unweighted results of the newspaper search are shown in Table 1. Weighted estimates indicate that there were more than 9,000 separate incidents on campuses in the United States during the past academic year. Although this is an average of more than three protest incidents per institution, only two thirds of the institutions actually experienced one or more incidents. Thus, while the typical institution experienced on average of five protest incidents one third of all institutions were virtually untouched by campus unrest during 1969-1970. The most frequent type of protest incident during the past year involved issues not directly related to the institution. These included the various moratorium protests in the fall and winter, the observance of Earth Day, and the spring demonstrations against the Cambodian invasion and the killings at Kent State University and Jackson State College, Earth Day involved the most participants - 44 percent of all institutions. This finding is consistent with recent ACE survey data on college students which indicate that eviron Alexander W. Astin is director of the American Council on Education's Office of Research. This study was supported in part by Grant OEG 0-9-180364-44 17 (010) from the U.S. Office of Education and by Grant 1 R12 MH17, 084-03 from the National Institute of Mental Health. The author wishes to express appreciation to Aljat Ahmed, Christine Kelly, Donna Mackey, and Joan Tresler, students at universities in Washington D.CV., for their assistance in collecting project data. 42