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Dorothy Schramm newspaper clippings, 1949-1955 (folder 2 of 2)

1951-11-01 The Catholic Messenger Article: "Citizen 2nd Class" Page 1

The Catholic Messenger
Official Diocesan Paper
VOLUME 69, NO. 48. 19 DAVENPORT, IOWA, NOVEMBER 1, 1951. 14 Pages

COMMENT
A SANE STATEMENT
MATTER OF DIPLOMACY
MISLEADING COMMENT
By Father L. M. Boyle

A SANE STATEMENT
Bishop Hayes made a valuable contribution to development of public thought and public opinion when he released his statement last week on the appointment of the new ambassador to the Vatican. He placed the event in its proper setting and accurately indicated its proper significance and value.

MATTER OF DIPLOMACY
There was need for one possessed of the bishop's ability and authority to point out that the action was entirely a diplomatic one. Except in a very broad and general way it has no religious significance. It is strictly a question of what is best for our country to do or not to do in the field of diplomatic relations. 

MISLEADING COMMENT
It is unfortunate that a number of those who are leaders and directors of public opinion, ministers, editors and men in public life saw fit to cloud the issue by raising the wolf-cry: "separation of Church and State." The sound and sane American principle is not involved here, it is in no way at stake or in danger. 

CASE OF PERVERSION
It is both disquieting and annoying to see how frequently the attempt is made to use the principle of separation of Church and State as a foundation for anti-religious ideas and programs. This principle, as it was proclaimed by its early American authors, was a declaration of religious neutrality, an assurance of quality before the law for all religions, not a declaration of war against religion, not the anti-religious manifesto which later generations of Americans seek to make it. 

SWEEP UP STRAW
It is time to quit playing with straw men. No one in this country, certainly not we Catholics, desires to do away with the principle of separation of Church and State. The late Archbishop McNicholas of Cincinnatti gave public assurance on this point a few years ago when he was episcopal chairman of the executive board of the National Catholic Welfare Conference. That position entitled him to speak authoritatively for the Catholics of the United States. 
We would be as prompt as any of our non-Catholic brethren to oppose and repel any threat to the principle of separation of Church and State. We prize the freedom and the opportunity for accomplishment which it has given us. We would not, while sanity remains in us, trade it for the yoke of state domination. 

NATIONS REMAIN FREE
It has been appropriately pointed out that some 30 nations, including most of the world's leaders, follow the policy which we now approach with such terpidation and amid so much controversy. Some of these nations are Catholic, some are Protestant, some are pagan. Whatever they were when they opened diplomatic relations with the Holy See, they so remain -- without semblance of any change that can be traced to their crediting a representative to the Vatican. In no sense have they united with Catholicism or become any less fervent in whatever religion claimed their original allegiance. 

MAKE NO PARTNERSHIP
Public opinion in the United States today runs strong against Communism. What we have seen in recent years about its aims, its tenets and its method of operation have stirred us to revulsion and opposition. We would quickly resent any inference or any implication that we have joined Communism or in any smallest way made common cause with it by reason of our maintaining diplomatic relations with the center and leading exponent of Communism, Russia. Our diplomatic dealings with Russia, with Hungary, with Czechoslovakia do not make Communists of us. 
Our dealings in these quarters are strictly on a business basis. We carry on relations to the ex-
(Continued on Page 10)

CITIZEN 2ND CLASS
Negro Segregation and Discrimination in Davenport - a Survey by the League for Social Justice. 
The only person who knows what it means to be a Negro is a Negro. Although he pays his taxes as the white man does; although he goes to war and puts his life on the firing line as the white man does; although he was created and is loved eternally by God even as the white man was created and is loved, the Negro in Davenport meets very little love, very little friendship and very little of even simple justice or civil rights. 
This week the League for Social Justice, a group of laymen and women mostly Catholic and mostly white, published in booklet form, the findings of its survey of Negro life in the city of Davenport. The booklet is entitled "CITIZEN 2nd CLASS." And its sub-title is: "Negro segregation and Discrimination in Davenport..."
The League for Social Justice has taken a long look into seven areas of Negro life in Davenport: employment, housing, health, education, public places, organizations and recreation.
Doors Are Slammed
The Davenport Negro, according to the survey, encounters the least discrimination in education. He is accepted in all Davenport schools -- from grade through college -- with the exception of a school of chiropractic and a business school.
While he is in school, however, and for the rest of his life after he is educated, the Davenport Negro finds a lot of doors slammed in his face. 
When he tries to find work, the only jobs that are offered to the Negro are those of "sweepers, janitors and manual laborers." Although "personnel managers for 16 of the 18 firms contacted deny that their establishments discriminate against Negro workers," most of the skilled and semi-skilled Negroes find it necessary to work on the Illinois side of the Mississippi where "jobs and pay are better."
When he tries to find a house to rent or buy, the Negro and his family bump up against "real estate brokers (who) refuse to sell or rent to Negroes outside of the Negro sections." The Negro sections in Davenport are two pretty well defined 'pockets' -- one on the east side and another north of the business district along Harrison street. The League for Social Justice made a spot check of Negro housing along one city block in the Negro district. They found "96 persons living in 13 houses, an average of more than seven persons per house. One 11-room house had been converted into 'apartment' and was serving the needs of four families..."
When he gets sick, or when one of his children gets sick, or when his wife gets sick, the Davenport Negro has to try to figure out which doctor will treat the illness. Fourteen of 79 physicians surveys said they will not accept Negroes under any circumstances; a few said they would accept Negroes without qualifications. "The remainder accept Negroes, but many said they prefer to examine and treat Negro patients only during off-duty hours."
Few Dentists 'Available'
When the Davenport Negro has a throbbing tooth-ache, he may suffer quite a while before he will find a dentist who will ease the pain. Of 54 dentists surveyed by the League for Social Justice, only seven "said they accept Negroes as they accept white patients. Ten said they accept Negro patients on occasional emergencies, but ordinarily refuse to serve them. One refused to answer... and 36 said they refuse to treat Negro patients at any time."
When the Davenport Negro needs a haircut, he must travel four or five miles across the river to Rock Island since "not one Davenport barbershop accepts Negro patronage."
Hotels, restaurants, and bar-restaurants present a varied discriminatory pattern. A few do not discriminate at all; some attempt to discourage Negro patronage and the rest refuse to accomodate Negroes under any circumstances. 
Of the 12 clubs which describe themselves as "fraternal organizations," six "refuse membership to Negroes." The rest said they did not discriminate but there are no Negroes on their roster.
When the Davenport Negro and his family desire recreation, they are free to use the city parks, playgrounds, swimming pools and golf courses. But if they wish to use the only roller-skating rink, they are discouraged; and "only one of seven local bowling alleys accepts Negro patrons freely." "The city's largest ballroom does not allow Negroes to attend at any time."
And when the Davenport Negro dies, he may even find himself "segregated" six feet under ground. While "two of five Davenport cemeteries bury Negroes without restriction..."one follows a strict policy of segregation and two refuse Negro burials entirely."
How the Trap Works
Thus, the Davenport Negro is caught in a vicious trap made and maintained by his white 'neighbors'.
Here is how the trap works:
The Negro is said to be lazy and shiftless. But when he applies for a better, more responsible job, the white employer refuses to hire him. 
The Negro is said to be unclean. But when he wants to take a 
(Continued on Page Two)

Pope Cautions on Use of 'Rhythm' Birth Control
VATICAN CITY -- (NC) -- Pope Pius XII cautioned against abuse of the "rhythm theory" in a length review of the Church's doctrine on marriage. He spoke to Italian midwives who held a national congress in Rome. 
(The "rhythm theory" is based upon the periods of sterility and fertility in the woman each month. Couples employing this theory, control the birth-rate by restricting the exercise of their marital rights to those naturally sterile periods each month when conception of new life is highly unlikely to occur.
(Even when both partners agree to so restrict their exercise of marital rights, and are ready to accept children born despite the use of the rhythm method, there are serious moral aspects to such practice, which the Holy Father this week discusses.)
The Pontiff's discourse stressed these points: (1) the value and inviolability of human life; (2) the lofty function of motherhood, and (3) the prime purpose of marriage; this, he said is the procreation of children and not the satisfaction of married couples. 
The Holy Father posed the question "to what extent the obligation to have a ready disposition to motherhood is reconcilable with an ever increasing recourse to periods of natural sterility... which seem a clear expression of a will contrary to that disposition."
He laid down these norms:
If married people simply desire to use their marriage rights during this period as well as at other times, there is nothing wrong for they do not impede in any way the natural act and its natural consequences, the Pope said.
Unilateral Action Illicit
"But if it is a question of permitting the conjugal act only on those (sterile) days, then the conduct of the spouses must be examined more attentively," the Pope continued. 
The latter case has two alternatives, he said. The first is that one of the parties had the intention of restricting not only the use but even the very matrimonial right "so that on the other days the other party would not even have the right to request the act."
This, the Pope stated, "would imply an essential defect in matrimonial consent which would carry with it invalidity of the marriage itself. The right deriving from the matrimonial contract is a permanent, uninterrupted right with regard to the other party and not an intermittent one."
The other alternative would be the limitation on "fertile" days of the use of the marriage right and not of the right itself, the Pontiff said.
In this case the validity of the marriage remains beyond question. "But the moral licitness of such conduct would be approved or denied according to whether the intention to observe these days continually is based on sufficient and secure moral motives or not," the Pope said.
"Just the fact that the couple does not violate the nature of the act and is ready to accept and rear the child born despite their precautions would not be sufficient by itself to guarantee the rightness of the intention and the unobjectionable morality of the reasons themselves."
A Positive Obligation
Explaining the reason for this, the Pope said: "Matrimony obliges to a state of life which imposes fulfillment of a positive work regarding the state itself as well as conferring certain rights." Marriage, which grants rights to spouses to satisfy natural inclinations, also imposes the function of providing for the conservation of the human race, the Pope added. 
The group received in audience by the Pope belongs to the Catholic Union of Midwives. Most births in Italy today are attended by midwives who form an important and respected profession in 
(Continued on Page Two)

Pope Stresses Emigration of Over-Populated
VATICAN CITY -- The crisis of over-population confronting countries like Italy, Japan, India and most of Asia has not escaped the attention of the Vatican or Pope Pius XII. He, like the social scientists, is gravely disturbed by the suffering of millions of people now living in countries which do not have the natural resources to decently feed, clothe and shelter them. 
Over-population was aggravated at the end of World War II in Europe when millions of German-speaking peoples (expellees) were uprooted from  Central-European countries and forced to move into already over-crowded Germany. Other millions who fled when Russia moved West. These dare not return to Russian-occupied or Russian-satellite countries such as Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Rumania. 
3 Solutions Offered
There are, at the moment, only three solutions to the problem of over-population: (1) through scientific ingenuity, raise the productivity of the land; (2) artificially control the birth rate and the over-crowded countries, and (3) emigrate peoples from over-populated areas to lands which, because of the abundance of their resources and the sheer expanse of 'living-room,' can adopt these unfortunate people. 
The first solution is a limited one and its effect long-range and delayed. The second solution, although preferred by a great many social scientists and planners, rests on unnatural and immoral methods, and is, therefore, illicit. The third solution, although practicable, humane and rapid in its effective action, bumps up against a human barrier: the immigration quotas of nations which, although they could take in many thousands of the unfortunate people, instead maintain a rigid control of incoming foreigners. 
Early in October, the International Labor Organization sponsored an International Emigration conference in Naples, Italy. ILO invited the Vatican to send a representative. The Holy Father, who for many years has been urging the emigration and freer flow of peoples from over-crowded countries, delegated Msgr. Emilio Rossi of the Vatican Migration Office to represent the Vatican at Naples. 
The Vatican Migration Office was set up by the pontiff in 1946 and was at first primarily concerned with peoples in European countries; but it rapidly embraced, when their plight became known, all over-crowded peoples in the world. 
Last summer, the Holy Father established an International Catholic Migration Commission to help facilitate the movement of peoples to new homes and jobs.
Praise for Delegates
This week, delegates to the International Migration Congress ended their meetings and stopped at Castelgandolfo, the Pope's summer residence. The Holy Father praised the delegates and reminded them of his own and the Church's intense interest in the living condition of peoples. 
"We do not need to tell you," he said, "that the Church feels obliged to concern herself to the utmost with the questions of labor and of emigration." The problem, he said, has two aspects: (1) that of the old countries that find themselves no longer able to feed all their children; and (2) the sufferings of millions of refugees who have been forced to flee from their native lands and now seek new homes and a livelihood elsewhere.
"We are happy," the Pontiff said, "that your meeting has contributed toward making world public opinion conscious of the gravity of this task. And we are doubly pleased by the fact that the spiritual and moral values which must be safeguarded, protected and developed both in emigration and immigration have had a proper hearing at your congress."

'Co-determination' Debated Again
By MAX JORDAN
FRANKFURT -- (NC) -- "Co-determination," or joint management in industry, has again come to the fore as a major topic of discussion and controversy among Catholic labor leaders in Germany. This resulted from a programmatic address which Father Gustav Gundlach, S.J., of the Gregorian university in Rome, gave at the recent meeting of Catholic Social Action leaders in Essen. Father Gundlach is generally considered a leading authority on Catholic social teachings. 
In his address, the speaker flatly rejected the concept of German trade union leaders to whom "Mitbestimmung" (co-determination) is a key policy in the sense of true economic democracy. They understand the right of labor to "have a say" in their plants as a prerequisite of social progress.
Germany's Chancellor Konrad Adenauer has accepted their interpretation in the sense that labor should have a voice and actual participation with management of industry in making decisions. 
Legislative action has since been taken by the West German parliament at Bonn whereby "co-determination" has been adopted for the iron, steel and coal industries, which employ some five million workers. The pressure now is heavy for similar legislation in behalf of other German industries. 
Father Gundlach, in his Essen address, insisted that Pope Pius XII, while fully approving the basic idea that the rights of labor in industry be safeguarded in accordance with the teachings of the Church on social justice, does not consider "co-determination" as the proper approach. 
Father Gundlach's view, however, is disputed by another prominent spokesman of Catholic social action, Father Johannes Even, of Cologne, who is editor of Kettelerwacht, Catholic labor weekly. Father Even suggests editorially that the Holy Father's addresses on the subject of joint management in industry, delivered on May 7, 1949, and June 3, 1950, have been interpreted in different ways. 
Papal pronouncements, Father Even says, in no way mean the rejection of co-determination of labor in the management of industry. The Pontiff only stressed the necessity, he argues, of avoiding the substitution of the anonymous power of capital by the anonymous power of trade union organizations, while labor itself would remain excluded. 

Bibles for the Blind
One two-inch-thick bible equals 10 thick volumes when translated in Braille. Mr. William Lynch of Chicago, chairman of the Catholic Blind administration, gives Exhibit No. 1 in demonstrating some of the work involved in giving religious instruction to the blind. Mr. Lynch is scheduled to discuss this subject at the Ninth National Congress of the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine to be held in Chicago from Nov. 7 to 11. The Catholic Blind administration serves as the center for the blind in the fulfillment of their religious, recreational and social needs.

Bishop Hayes to Chicago
Bishop Ralph L. Hayes will attend the ninth national catechetical convention, the Congress of the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, which meets next week from Nov. 7 to Nov. 11. Ten thousand delegates representing the American hierarchy, clergy and laity will attend the five-day sessions devoted to discussions of how to spread Christian doctrine in the U. S.

Baptists' Offer Came at Just 'Proper Time'
SIOUX FALLS, S. Dak. -- (NC) -- Bishop William O. Brady of Sioux Falls has sent a letter of thanks to the Baptist congregation of Brookings, S. Dak., which offered Catholics the use of their church during the building of a new Catholic church at that town. Along with his thanks, the bishop declined the offer, saying that the Catholics would have adequate space for their services during construction. 
The Baptist offer came after several incidents in South Dakota in which anti-Catholic lectures were sponsored by Protestant congregations. The most recent, according to the bishop's bulletin of the diocese of Sioux Falls, occurred in Lennox, Parker and Sioux Falls, where so-called "ex-priests" have been advertised and permitted to use Protestant pulpits to attack the Catholic Church. 
In his letter to Pastor Ernst E. Klein of the Brookings Baptist church, Bishop Brady wrote:
"But I want you, your trustees and your people to know that this offer came just at the proper time to give us some peace of soul and some spiritual comfort. For I am just home from a trip to face a situation in Sioux Falls that is disturbing to religion and to our mutual good will. Upset because of this, your generous offer was enough to lift up the spirits and restore confidence in the fundamental integrity of all our people."

Strong Farms Keep Cities Alive, Rural Life Delegates Hear
Cushing i Address at Farm Parley
BOSTON -- Sounding the keynote of the 19th annual session of the national Catholic rural life conference, Archbishop Richard B. Cushing of Boston last week declared that strong rural communities and farms are the bases of a sound economic order. 
"So long as a nation is strong in its rural communities and intact in its agricultural life, ruined cities might be rebuilt and metropolitan areas reclaimed from whatever damage might befall them," he asserted.
"But once the rural areas disintegrate or decline, the great cities, superficially so powerful and impressive, are doomed to starvation, if not extinction."
Archbishop Cushing was one of a dozen speakers who addressed delegates at the Boston meeting. Other rural life leaders praised life on the farm and urged more Catholics to move to the land.
(Msgr. Ulrich A. Hauber of Davenport's St. Ambrose college addressed delegates on Saturday. The text of Msgr. Hauber's address appears on pages 4 and 5 of this week's "Messenger".)
A goal of the rural life movement, he said, is to boost that six per cent to sixteen per cent. "I only wish that Catholic leaders would realize our needs and participate in this holy competition to increase the rural Catholic population," he added.
Two bishops and a dairy farmer from Wisconsin had words of praise for family life on the farm. The family farm, Martin Salm of Calumet, Wisconsin, declared, "is the heart of the nation and the foundation of our democratic way of life." Salm is the father of 15. 
Bishop John Treacy of LaCrosse, Wisconsin, expressed concern over the increasing migration of farm families to the city. He also called for a "bigger and better Catholic rural population," as did Bishop Albert Zuroweste of Belleville, Ill.
Farm families have not been corrupted by the evils of materialism and easy divorce to the extent that their city brethren have, Bishop Zuroweste said. "Farm family ties have remained stronger and the members living in closer union have been able to withstand these modern evils," he declared.
Rural life delegates went on record as supporting:
(1) A nationwide survey of the cooperative movement, designed to point out the differences between good and bad farm co-ops;
(2) Land reform movements in accord with the principles of social justice;
(3) Suitably organized systems of international immigration to
(Continued on Page 10)

OF NOTE THIS WEEK
PAGE 2--Persons and places; and "Church Overseas."
PAGE 3--Papal encyclical series on Christian marriage; this week, why birth control can never be permitted.
PAGES 4-5--Text of Monsignor Hauber's address to the National Catholic Rural Life conference in Boston.
PAGE 7--"The Concept of the Diocesan Priesthood" reviewed by William Kerrigan.
PAGE 9--Local news -- Father Welch on the Reformation; Msgr. Hauber's views of Archbishop Cushing.
PAGE 14--Notes on the Pope's recent address to the World Congress of the Lay Apostolate.

Saving...

The Catholic Messenger Official Diocesan Paper VOLUME 69, NO. 48. 19 DAVENPORT, IOWA, NOVEMBER 1, 1951. 14 Pages COMMENT A SANE STATEMENT MATTER OF DIPLOMACY MISLEADING COMMENT By Father L. M. Boyle A SANE STATEMENT Bishop Hayes made a valuable contribution to development of public thought and public opinion when he released his statement last week on the appointment of the new ambassador to the Vatican. He placed the event in its proper setting and accurately indicated its proper significance and value. MATTER OF DIPLOMACY There was need for one possessed of the bishop's ability and authority to point out that the action was entirely a diplomatic one. Except in a very broad and general way it has no religious significance. It is strictly a question of what is best for our country to do or not to do in the field of diplomatic relations. MISLEADING COMMENT It is unfortunate that a number of those who are leaders and directors of public opinion, ministers, editors and men in public life saw fit to cloud the issue by raising the wolf-cry: "separation of Church and State." The sound and sane American principle is not involved here, it is in no way at stake or in danger. CASE OF PERVERSION It is both disquieting and annoying to see how frequently the attempt is made to use the principle of separation of Church and State as a foundation for anti-religious ideas and programs. This principle, as it was proclaimed by its early American authors, was a declaration of religious neutrality, an assurance of quality before the law for all religions, not a declaration of war against religion, not the anti-religious manifesto which later generations of Americans seek to make it. SWEEP UP STRAW It is time to quit playing with straw men. No one in this country, certainly not we Catholics, desires to do away with the principle of separation of Church and State. The late Archbishop McNicholas of Cincinnatti gave public assurance on this point a few years ago when he was episcopal chairman of the executive board of the National Catholic Welfare Conference. That position entitled him to speak authoritatively for the Catholics of the United States. We would be as prompt as any of our non-Catholic brethren to oppose and repel any threat to the principle of separation of Church and State. We prize the freedom and the opportunity for accomplishment which it has given us. We would not, while sanity remains in us, trade it for the yoke of state domination. NATIONS REMAIN FREE It has been appropriately pointed out that some 30 nations, including most of the world's leaders, follow the policy which we now approach with such terpidation and amid so much controversy. Some of these nations are Catholic, some are Protestant, some are pagan. Whatever they were when they opened diplomatic relations with the Holy See, they so remain -- without semblance of any change that can be traced to their crediting a representative to the Vatican. In no sense have they united with Catholicism or become any less fervent in whatever religion claimed their original allegiance. MAKE NO PARTNERSHIP Public opinion in the United States today runs strong against Communism. What we have seen in recent years about its aims, its tenets and its method of operation have stirred us to revulsion and opposition. We would quickly resent any inference or any implication that we have joined Communism or in any smallest way made common cause with it by reason of our maintaining diplomatic relations with the center and leading exponent of Communism, Russia. Our diplomatic dealings with Russia, with Hungary, with Czechoslovakia do not make Communists of us. Our dealings in these quarters are strictly on a business basis. We carry on relations to the ex- (Continued on Page 10) CITIZEN 2ND CLASS Negro Segregation and Discrimination in Davenport - a Survey by the League for Social Justice. The only person who knows what it means to be a Negro is a Negro. Although he pays his taxes as the white man does; although he goes to war and puts his life on the firing line as the white man does; although he was created and is loved eternally by God even as the white man was created and is loved, the Negro in Davenport meets very little love, very little friendship and very little of even simple justice or civil rights. This week the League for Social Justice, a group of laymen and women mostly Catholic and mostly white, published in booklet form, the findings of its survey of Negro life in the city of Davenport. The booklet is entitled "CITIZEN 2nd CLASS." And its sub-title is: "Negro segregation and Discrimination in Davenport..." The League for Social Justice has taken a long look into seven areas of Negro life in Davenport: employment, housing, health, education, public places, organizations and recreation. Doors Are Slammed The Davenport Negro, according to the survey, encounters the least discrimination in education. He is accepted in all Davenport schools -- from grade through college -- with the exception of a school of chiropractic and a business school. While he is in school, however, and for the rest of his life after he is educated, the Davenport Negro finds a lot of doors slammed in his face. When he tries to find work, the only jobs that are offered to the Negro are those of "sweepers, janitors and manual laborers." Although "personnel managers for 16 of the 18 firms contacted deny that their establishments discriminate against Negro workers," most of the skilled and semi-skilled Negroes find it necessary to work on the Illinois side of the Mississippi where "jobs and pay are better." When he tries to find a house to rent or buy, the Negro and his family bump up against "real estate brokers (who) refuse to sell or rent to Negroes outside of the Negro sections." The Negro sections in Davenport are two pretty well defined 'pockets' -- one on the east side and another north of the business district along Harrison street. The League for Social Justice made a spot check of Negro housing along one city block in the Negro district. They found "96 persons living in 13 houses, an average of more than seven persons per house. One 11-room house had been converted into 'apartment' and was serving the needs of four families..." When he gets sick, or when one of his children gets sick, or when his wife gets sick, the Davenport Negro has to try to figure out which doctor will treat the illness. Fourteen of 79 physicians surveys said they will not accept Negroes under any circumstances; a few said they would accept Negroes without qualifications. "The remainder accept Negroes, but many said they prefer to examine and treat Negro patients only during off-duty hours." Few Dentists 'Available' When the Davenport Negro has a throbbing tooth-ache, he may suffer quite a while before he will find a dentist who will ease the pain. Of 54 dentists surveyed by the League for Social Justice, only seven "said they accept Negroes as they accept white patients. Ten said they accept Negro patients on occasional emergencies, but ordinarily refuse to serve them. One refused to answer... and 36 said they refuse to treat Negro patients at any time." When the Davenport Negro needs a haircut, he must travel four or five miles across the river to Rock Island since "not one Davenport barbershop accepts Negro patronage." Hotels, restaurants, and bar-restaurants present a varied discriminatory pattern. A few do not discriminate at all; some attempt to discourage Negro patronage and the rest refuse to accomodate Negroes under any circumstances. Of the 12 clubs which describe themselves as "fraternal organizations," six "refuse membership to Negroes." The rest said they did not discriminate but there are no Negroes on their roster. When the Davenport Negro and his family desire recreation, they are free to use the city parks, playgrounds, swimming pools and golf courses. But if they wish to use the only roller-skating rink, they are discouraged; and "only one of seven local bowling alleys accepts Negro patrons freely." "The city's largest ballroom does not allow Negroes to attend at any time." And when the Davenport Negro dies, he may even find himself "segregated" six feet under ground. While "two of five Davenport cemeteries bury Negroes without restriction..."one follows a strict policy of segregation and two refuse Negro burials entirely." How the Trap Works Thus, the Davenport Negro is caught in a vicious trap made and maintained by his white 'neighbors'. Here is how the trap works: The Negro is said to be lazy and shiftless. But when he applies for a better, more responsible job, the white employer refuses to hire him. The Negro is said to be unclean. But when he wants to take a (Continued on Page Two) Pope Cautions on Use of 'Rhythm' Birth Control VATICAN CITY -- (NC) -- Pope Pius XII cautioned against abuse of the "rhythm theory" in a length review of the Church's doctrine on marriage. He spoke to Italian midwives who held a national congress in Rome. (The "rhythm theory" is based upon the periods of sterility and fertility in the woman each month. Couples employing this theory, control the birth-rate by restricting the exercise of their marital rights to those naturally sterile periods each month when conception of new life is highly unlikely to occur. (Even when both partners agree to so restrict their exercise of marital rights, and are ready to accept children born despite the use of the rhythm method, there are serious moral aspects to such practice, which the Holy Father this week discusses.) The Pontiff's discourse stressed these points: (1) the value and inviolability of human life; (2) the lofty function of motherhood, and (3) the prime purpose of marriage; this, he said is the procreation of children and not the satisfaction of married couples. The Holy Father posed the question "to what extent the obligation to have a ready disposition to motherhood is reconcilable with an ever increasing recourse to periods of natural sterility... which seem a clear expression of a will contrary to that disposition." He laid down these norms: If married people simply desire to use their marriage rights during this period as well as at other times, there is nothing wrong for they do not impede in any way the natural act and its natural consequences, the Pope said. Unilateral Action Illicit "But if it is a question of permitting the conjugal act only on those (sterile) days, then the conduct of the spouses must be examined more attentively," the Pope continued. The latter case has two alternatives, he said. The first is that one of the parties had the intention of restricting not only the use but even the very matrimonial right "so that on the other days the other party would not even have the right to request the act." This, the Pope stated, "would imply an essential defect in matrimonial consent which would carry with it invalidity of the marriage itself. The right deriving from the matrimonial contract is a permanent, uninterrupted right with regard to the other party and not an intermittent one." The other alternative would be the limitation on "fertile" days of the use of the marriage right and not of the right itself, the Pontiff said. In this case the validity of the marriage remains beyond question. "But the moral licitness of such conduct would be approved or denied according to whether the intention to observe these days continually is based on sufficient and secure moral motives or not," the Pope said. "Just the fact that the couple does not violate the nature of the act and is ready to accept and rear the child born despite their precautions would not be sufficient by itself to guarantee the rightness of the intention and the unobjectionable morality of the reasons themselves." A Positive Obligation Explaining the reason for this, the Pope said: "Matrimony obliges to a state of life which imposes fulfillment of a positive work regarding the state itself as well as conferring certain rights." Marriage, which grants rights to spouses to satisfy natural inclinations, also imposes the function of providing for the conservation of the human race, the Pope added. The group received in audience by the Pope belongs to the Catholic Union of Midwives. Most births in Italy today are attended by midwives who form an important and respected profession in (Continued on Page Two) Pope Stresses Emigration of Over-Populated VATICAN CITY -- The crisis of over-population confronting countries like Italy, Japan, India and most of Asia has not escaped the attention of the Vatican or Pope Pius XII. He, like the social scientists, is gravely disturbed by the suffering of millions of people now living in countries which do not have the natural resources to decently feed, clothe and shelter them. Over-population was aggravated at the end of World War II in Europe when millions of German-speaking peoples (expellees) were uprooted from Central-European countries and forced to move into already over-crowded Germany. Other millions who fled when Russia moved West. These dare not return to Russian-occupied or Russian-satellite countries such as Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Rumania. 3 Solutions Offered There are, at the moment, only three solutions to the problem of over-population: (1) through scientific ingenuity, raise the productivity of the land; (2) artificially control the birth rate and the over-crowded countries, and (3) emigrate peoples from over-populated areas to lands which, because of the abundance of their resources and the sheer expanse of 'living-room,' can adopt these unfortunate people. The first solution is a limited one and its effect long-range and delayed. The second solution, although preferred by a great many social scientists and planners, rests on unnatural and immoral methods, and is, therefore, illicit. The third solution, although practicable, humane and rapid in its effective action, bumps up against a human barrier: the immigration quotas of nations which, although they could take in many thousands of the unfortunate people, instead maintain a rigid control of incoming foreigners. Early in October, the International Labor Organization sponsored an International Emigration conference in Naples, Italy. ILO invited the Vatican to send a representative. The Holy Father, who for many years has been urging the emigration and freer flow of peoples from over-crowded countries, delegated Msgr. Emilio Rossi of the Vatican Migration Office to represent the Vatican at Naples. The Vatican Migration Office was set up by the pontiff in 1946 and was at first primarily concerned with peoples in European countries; but it rapidly embraced, when their plight became known, all over-crowded peoples in the world. Last summer, the Holy Father established an International Catholic Migration Commission to help facilitate the movement of peoples to new homes and jobs. Praise for Delegates This week, delegates to the International Migration Congress ended their meetings and stopped at Castelgandolfo, the Pope's summer residence. The Holy Father praised the delegates and reminded them of his own and the Church's intense interest in the living condition of peoples. "We do not need to tell you," he said, "that the Church feels obliged to concern herself to the utmost with the questions of labor and of emigration." The problem, he said, has two aspects: (1) that of the old countries that find themselves no longer able to feed all their children; and (2) the sufferings of millions of refugees who have been forced to flee from their native lands and now seek new homes and a livelihood elsewhere. "We are happy," the Pontiff said, "that your meeting has contributed toward making world public opinion conscious of the gravity of this task. And we are doubly pleased by the fact that the spiritual and moral values which must be safeguarded, protected and developed both in emigration and immigration have had a proper hearing at your congress." 'Co-determination' Debated Again By MAX JORDAN FRANKFURT -- (NC) -- "Co-determination," or joint management in industry, has again come to the fore as a major topic of discussion and controversy among Catholic labor leaders in Germany. This resulted from a programmatic address which Father Gustav Gundlach, S.J., of the Gregorian university in Rome, gave at the recent meeting of Catholic Social Action leaders in Essen. Father Gundlach is generally considered a leading authority on Catholic social teachings. In his address, the speaker flatly rejected the concept of German trade union leaders to whom "Mitbestimmung" (co-determination) is a key policy in the sense of true economic democracy. They understand the right of labor to "have a say" in their plants as a prerequisite of social progress. Germany's Chancellor Konrad Adenauer has accepted their interpretation in the sense that labor should have a voice and actual participation with management of industry in making decisions. Legislative action has since been taken by the West German parliament at Bonn whereby "co-determination" has been adopted for the iron, steel and coal industries, which employ some five million workers. The pressure now is heavy for similar legislation in behalf of other German industries. Father Gundlach, in his Essen address, insisted that Pope Pius XII, while fully approving the basic idea that the rights of labor in industry be safeguarded in accordance with the teachings of the Church on social justice, does not consider "co-determination" as the proper approach. Father Gundlach's view, however, is disputed by another prominent spokesman of Catholic social action, Father Johannes Even, of Cologne, who is editor of Kettelerwacht, Catholic labor weekly. Father Even suggests editorially that the Holy Father's addresses on the subject of joint management in industry, delivered on May 7, 1949, and June 3, 1950, have been interpreted in different ways. Papal pronouncements, Father Even says, in no way mean the rejection of co-determination of labor in the management of industry. The Pontiff only stressed the necessity, he argues, of avoiding the substitution of the anonymous power of capital by the anonymous power of trade union organizations, while labor itself would remain excluded. Bibles for the Blind One two-inch-thick bible equals 10 thick volumes when translated in Braille. Mr. William Lynch of Chicago, chairman of the Catholic Blind administration, gives Exhibit No. 1 in demonstrating some of the work involved in giving religious instruction to the blind. Mr. Lynch is scheduled to discuss this subject at the Ninth National Congress of the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine to be held in Chicago from Nov. 7 to 11. The Catholic Blind administration serves as the center for the blind in the fulfillment of their religious, recreational and social needs. Bishop Hayes to Chicago Bishop Ralph L. Hayes will attend the ninth national catechetical convention, the Congress of the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, which meets next week from Nov. 7 to Nov. 11. Ten thousand delegates representing the American hierarchy, clergy and laity will attend the five-day sessions devoted to discussions of how to spread Christian doctrine in the U. S. Baptists' Offer Came at Just 'Proper Time' SIOUX FALLS, S. Dak. -- (NC) -- Bishop William O. Brady of Sioux Falls has sent a letter of thanks to the Baptist congregation of Brookings, S. Dak., which offered Catholics the use of their church during the building of a new Catholic church at that town. Along with his thanks, the bishop declined the offer, saying that the Catholics would have adequate space for their services during construction. The Baptist offer came after several incidents in South Dakota in which anti-Catholic lectures were sponsored by Protestant congregations. The most recent, according to the bishop's bulletin of the diocese of Sioux Falls, occurred in Lennox, Parker and Sioux Falls, where so-called "ex-priests" have been advertised and permitted to use Protestant pulpits to attack the Catholic Church. In his letter to Pastor Ernst E. Klein of the Brookings Baptist church, Bishop Brady wrote: "But I want you, your trustees and your people to know that this offer came just at the proper time to give us some peace of soul and some spiritual comfort. For I am just home from a trip to face a situation in Sioux Falls that is disturbing to religion and to our mutual good will. Upset because of this, your generous offer was enough to lift up the spirits and restore confidence in the fundamental integrity of all our people." Strong Farms Keep Cities Alive, Rural Life Delegates Hear Cushing i Address at Farm Parley BOSTON -- Sounding the keynote of the 19th annual session of the national Catholic rural life conference, Archbishop Richard B. Cushing of Boston last week declared that strong rural communities and farms are the bases of a sound economic order. "So long as a nation is strong in its rural communities and intact in its agricultural life, ruined cities might be rebuilt and metropolitan areas reclaimed from whatever damage might befall them," he asserted. "But once the rural areas disintegrate or decline, the great cities, superficially so powerful and impressive, are doomed to starvation, if not extinction." Archbishop Cushing was one of a dozen speakers who addressed delegates at the Boston meeting. Other rural life leaders praised life on the farm and urged more Catholics to move to the land. (Msgr. Ulrich A. Hauber of Davenport's St. Ambrose college addressed delegates on Saturday. The text of Msgr. Hauber's address appears on pages 4 and 5 of this week's "Messenger".) A goal of the rural life movement, he said, is to boost that six per cent to sixteen per cent. "I only wish that Catholic leaders would realize our needs and participate in this holy competition to increase the rural Catholic population," he added. Two bishops and a dairy farmer from Wisconsin had words of praise for family life on the farm. The family farm, Martin Salm of Calumet, Wisconsin, declared, "is the heart of the nation and the foundation of our democratic way of life." Salm is the father of 15. Bishop John Treacy of LaCrosse, Wisconsin, expressed concern over the increasing migration of farm families to the city. He also called for a "bigger and better Catholic rural population," as did Bishop Albert Zuroweste of Belleville, Ill. Farm families have not been corrupted by the evils of materialism and easy divorce to the extent that their city brethren have, Bishop Zuroweste said. "Farm family ties have remained stronger and the members living in closer union have been able to withstand these modern evils," he declared. Rural life delegates went on record as supporting: (1) A nationwide survey of the cooperative movement, designed to point out the differences between good and bad farm co-ops; (2) Land reform movements in accord with the principles of social justice; (3) Suitably organized systems of international immigration to (Continued on Page 10) OF NOTE THIS WEEK PAGE 2--Persons and places; and "Church Overseas." PAGE 3--Papal encyclical series on Christian marriage; this week, why birth control can never be permitted. PAGES 4-5--Text of Monsignor Hauber's address to the National Catholic Rural Life conference in Boston. PAGE 7--"The Concept of the Diocesan Priesthood" reviewed by William Kerrigan. PAGE 9--Local news -- Father Welch on the Reformation; Msgr. Hauber's views of Archbishop Cushing. PAGE 14--Notes on the Pope's recent address to the World Congress of the Lay Apostolate.