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Burlington Commission on Human Rights, 1964-1965

Iowa Law Review, "State Civil Rights Statute: Some Proposals" Page 1069

1964]   STATE CIVIL RIGHTS STATUTES   1069

educated whites is because they are paid less even when they do the same kind of work. In every separable occupational group from laborer to professional, the median income of whites is substantially in excess of that of nonwhites. Note also that in every occupational group the nonwhite unemployment rate never fails to grossly exceed the same figure for whites. The table below illustrates these discomforting and revealing facts in convincing detail:8

[[table transcribed from left to right, top to bottom]]

1959

1959

1962

Occupation

Median Income

Per cent who worked 50-52 weeks

Per cent Unemployed

Males Only

White

Nonwhite

White

Nonwhite

White

Nonwhite

Professional, Technical & Kindred

$6,619

$4,563

77.4

64.8

2.0

3.0

Managers, Officials, and Proprietors except Farmers

6,664

3,869

87.4

78.0

2.0

4.0

Clerical

4,785

4,072

76.4

73.9

3.8

7.1

Sales

4,987

2,809

75.4

65.6

4.0

10.0

Craftsmen, Foremen

5,240

3,480

67.9

57.5

4.8

9.7

Operatives

4,299

3,040

62.5

58.1

6.9

12.0

Private Household Workers

1,078

1,216

47.0

51.6

3.1

7.1

Service Workers

3,310

2,529

66.1

63.4

5.3

10.8

Farm Laborers

1,066

816

42.2

34.0

4.0

6.0

Laborers Excluding Farm

2,948

2, 394

44.7

44.4

11.0

15.8
   The employment of nonwhites in lower-paying jobs than equivalently educated whites, or in the same jobs as equivalently educated whites but with less pay, has a tremendous impact on this minority group. It can best be measured by reference to the relative lifetime earnings gap between whites and nonwhites according to their educational achievement:9
_________________________
8 The data on 1959 median income, and the 1959 per cent of those who worked 50-52 weeks was obtained from U. S. Census of Population 1960, Detailed Characteristics, United State Summary, Final Report PC(1)-1D, table 208, at 1-556.
   The data on the 1962 percentages unemployed was gleaned from NATIONAL MANPOWER ADVISORY COMMITTEE, U.S. DEP'T OF LABOR, MANPOWER REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT AND A REPORT ON MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS, RESOURCES, UTILIZATION AND TRAINING table 8, at 43; id. chart 12, at 45. Readings from the graph on page 45 are necessarily approximate.
9 The chart is taken from Employment Hearings 331.

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1964] STATE CIVIL RIGHTS STATUTES 1069 educated whites is because they are paid less even when they do the same kind of work. In every separable occupational group from laborer to professional, the median income of whites is substantially in excess of that of nonwhites. Note also that in every occupational group the nonwhite unemployment rate never fails to grossly exceed the same figure for whites. The table below illustrates these discomforting and revealing facts in convincing detail:8 [[table transcribed from left to right, top to bottom]] 1959 1959 1962 Occupation Median Income Per cent who worked 50-52 weeks Per cent Unemployed Males Only White Nonwhite White Nonwhite White Nonwhite Professional, Technical & Kindred $6,619 $4,563 77.4 64.8 2.0 3.0 Managers, Officials, and Proprietors except Farmers 6,664 3,869 87.4 78.0 2.0 4.0 Clerical 4,785 4,072 76.4 73.9 3.8 7.1 Sales 4,987 2,809 75.4 65.6 4.0 10.0 Craftsmen, Foremen 5,240 3,480 67.9 57.5 4.8 9.7 Operatives 4,299 3,040 62.5 58.1 6.9 12.0 Private Household Workers 1,078 1,216 47.0 51.6 3.1 7.1 Service Workers 3,310 2,529 66.1 63.4 5.3 10.8 Farm Laborers 1,066 816 42.2 34.0 4.0 6.0 Laborers Excluding Farm 2,948 2, 394 44.7 44.4 11.0 15.8 The employment of nonwhites in lower-paying jobs than equivalently educated whites, or in the same jobs as equivalently educated whites but with less pay, has a tremendous impact on this minority group. It can best be measured by reference to the relative lifetime earnings gap between whites and nonwhites according to their educational achievement:9 _________________________ 8 The data on 1959 median income, and the 1959 per cent of those who worked 50-52 weeks was obtained from U. S. Census of Population 1960, Detailed Characteristics, United State Summary, Final Report PC(1)-1D, table 208, at 1-556. The data on the 1962 percentages unemployed was gleaned from NATIONAL MANPOWER ADVISORY COMMITTEE, U.S. DEP'T OF LABOR, MANPOWER REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT AND A REPORT ON MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS, RESOURCES, UTILIZATION AND TRAINING table 8, at 43; id. chart 12, at 45. Readings from the graph on page 45 are necessarily approximate. 9 The chart is taken from Employment Hearings 331.